Devenir de la pose de la sonde double J pour obstruction du haut appareil urinaire Etude documentaire d'une série des cas du Centre National Hospitalo-Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Mage à Cotonou, Benin / Outcome of the installation of the double J probe for upper urinary tract obstruction: A case series from the Hubert Koutoukou Mage National University Hospital, Cotonou, Benin

Contexte et objectifs. La sonde double J est très utilisée de nos jours dans le drainage des urines du haut appareil. L'objectif de la présente étude était de décrire le devenir de la pose de la sonde double J. Méthodes. Il s'est agi d'une étude documentaire d'une série des cas ayant bénéficié d'un drainage urinaire du haut appareil par une sonde double J au Centre National Hospitalo-Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga de Cotonou, Bénin ; entre les 1er avril 2018 et 31 mars 2021. Résultats. Les dossiers de cent trois patients (âge moyen 48,4 ans, sexe masculin, 58,3 %) ont été colligés. La pose de la sonde double J représentait 84,74 %. La pose de la sonde double J était unilatérale dans 76,7 % des cas avec une prédominance à droite (56,0 %). L'abord par voie endoscopique pour la pose de la sonde double J était la plus pratiquée (89,3 %). La pose de la sonde double J a été effectuée sans guidage fluoroscopique (à l'aveugle) dans 73,7 % et la durée moyenne du port de cette sonde était 118,37 jours. La fonction rénale était perturbée avec un débit de filtration glomérulaire < 60 ml/minute/1,75 m2 chez 33,0 % des patients. Les étiologies à la base d'une obstruction étaient dominées par la pathologie lithiasique (63,1 %). Le taux de réussite de la sonde double J était de 77,6 %. Les échecs de la sonde double J étaient dus aux pathologies tumorales dans 15,53 %. La durée moyenne d'hospitalisation après la pose de la sonde double J par voie endoscopique était de 7,72 jours. Conclusion. Le syndrome obstructif surtout d'origine lithiasique reste la plus importante indication de l'usage de la sonde double J. Sa réalisation sans guidage fluoroscopique (à l'aveugle) est possible dans le milieu ne disposant pas d'amplificateur de brillance.

Resistencia antibiótica de Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus saprophyticus en la infección urinaria de un hospital público / Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urinary tract infection in a public hospital

La resistencia de antibióticos puede llegar a causar una amplia morbilidad y complicaciones. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana de Escherichia Coli y de Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, en pacientes con infección urinaria hospitalizados en el servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Municipal Los Olivos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se realizó en el servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Municipal los Olivos (HMLO). Participantes: historia clínica de pacientes hospitalizados con infección urinaria en el servicio de Medicina Interna. Intervenciones: Según los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se obtuvieron, 96 historias clínicas (HC) del año 2013. Se utilizó un instrumento de recolección validado. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo con software estadístico STATA versión 25. Resultados: De las 96 HC, la edad promedio fue 55,04 años, los agentes microbianos más frecuentes fueron: la Escherichia coli con 85,3%, Staphylococcus saprophyticus 4.2% y Klebsiella pneumoniae 3,1%. La prevalencia de productores de betalactamasa espectro extendido (BLEE) fue 10,4%. Los antibióticos más resistentes fueron: trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol 89,6%, ampicilina 86%, piperacilina 84,6%, tetraciclina 79,2% y ciprofloxacino 70,8%. Los antibióticos más sensibles fueron: amikacina 100%, imipenem 100%, ertapenem 98%, meropenem 96% y piperacilina/tazobactam 96%. Conclusión: El uropatógeno más frecuente en pacientes con ITU hospitalizados fue la E. coli. Los antibióticos que presentaron resistencia a la E. coli fueron: trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol, ampicilina, piperacilina, tetraciclina y ciprofloxacino, y para el S. Saprophyticus fueron: amoxicilina/ ácido clavulánico, trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol, ceftriaxona y ciprofloxacino(AU)

Resistance to antibiotics may actually cause extensive morbidity and complications. Objective: To determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, in patients with urinary infection hospitalized in the Internal Medicine service of the Los Olivos Municipal Hospital. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study. It was carried out in the Internal Medicine service of the Los Olivos Municipal Hospital (HMLO). Participants: clinical history of hospitalized patients with urinary infection in the Internal Medicine service. Interventions: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 96 clinical records (HC) from 2013 were obtained. A validated collection instrument was used. Descriptive analysis was performed with STATA version 25 statistical software. Results: Of the 96 CHs, the average age was 55.04 years, the most frequent microbial agents were: Escherichia Coli with 85.3%, Staphylococcus saprophyticus 4.2% and Klebsiella pneumoniae 3.1%. The prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers (ESBL) was 10.4%. The most resistant antibiotics were trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole 89.6 %, ampicillin 86 %, piperacillin 84.6 %, tetracycline 79.2 % and ciprofloxacin 70.8 %. The most sensitive antibiotics were: amikacin 100%, imipenem 100%, ertapenem 98%, meropenem 96% and piperacillin / tazobactam 96%. Conclusion: The most common uropathogen in hospitalized UTI patients was E. coli. The antibiotics that showed resistance to E. coli were: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, piperacillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, and for S. saprophyticus they were: amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin(AU)

Consenso Argentino intersociedades de Infección Urinaria 2018-2019 - Parte I / Consenso Argentino Intersociedades de Infección Urinaria 2018-2019 - Parte I

La Sociedad Argentina de Infectología y otras sociedades científicas han actualizado estas recomendaciones utilizando, además de información internacional, la de un estudio multicéntrico prospectivo sobre infecciones del tracto urinario del adulto realizado en Argentina durante 2016-2017. La bacteriuria asintomática debe ser tratada solo en embarazadas, a quienes también se las debe investigar sistemáticamente; los antibióticos de elección son nitrofurantoína, amoxicilina, amoxicilina-clavulánico, cefalexina y trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol. Ante procedimientos que impliquen lesión con sangrado del tracto urinario se recomienda solicitar urocultivo para pesquisar bacteriuria asintomática, y, si resultara positivo, administrar antimicrobianos según sensibilidad desde inmediatamente antes hasta 24 horas luego de la intervención. En mujeres, la cistitis puede ser tratada con nitrofurantoina, cefalexina, o fosfomicina y no se recomienda usar trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol o fluoroquinolonas; en pielonefritis puede emplearse ciprofloxacina, cefixima o cefalexina si el tratamiento es ambulatorio o ceftriaxona, cefazolina o amikacina si es hospitalario. En los hombres, las infecciones del tracto urinario se consideran siempre complicadas. Se recomienda tratamiento con nitrofurantoina o cefalexina por 7 días, o bien monodosis con fosfomicina. Para la pielonefritis en hombres se sugiere ciprofloxacina, ceftriaxona o cefixima si el tratamiento es ambulatorio y ceftriaxona o amikacina si es hospitalario. Se sugiere tratar las prostatitis bacterianas agudas con ceftriaxona o gentamicina. En cuanto a las prostatitis bacterianas crónicas, si bien su tratamiento de elección hasta hace poco fueron las fluoroquinolonas, la creciente resistencia y ciertas dudas sobre la seguridad de estas drogas obligan a considerar el uso de alternativas como fosfomicina.

The Argentine Society of Infectious Diseases and other scientific societies have updated these recommendations based on data on urinary tract infections in adults obtained from a prospective multicenter study conducted in Argentina during 2016-2017. Asymptomatic bacteriuria should be treated only in pregnant women, who should also be systematically investigated; the antibiotics of choice are nitrofurantoin, amoxicillin, clavulanic/amoxicillin, cephalexin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In procedures involving injury to the urinary tract with bleeding, it is recommended to request urine culture and, in the presence of bacteriuria, antimicrobial treatment according to sensitivity should be prescribed from immediately before up to 24 hours after the intervention. In women, cystitis can be treated with nitrofurantoin, cephalexin or fosfomycin, while trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones are not recommended; pyelonephritis can be treated with ciprofloxacin, cefixime or cephalexin in ambulatory women or ceftriaxone, cefazolin or amikacin in those who are hospitalized. In men, urinary tract infections are always considered complicated; nitrofurantoin or cephalexin are recommended for 7 days, alternatively fosfomycin should be given in a single dose. In men, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone or cefixime are suggested for pyelonephritis on ambulatory treatment whereas ceftriaxone or amikacin are recommended for hospitalized patients. Acute bacterial prostatitis can be treated with ceftriaxone or gentamicin. Fluoroquinolones were the choice treatment for chronic bacterial prostatitis until recently; they are no longer recommended due to the increasing resistance and recent concerns regarding the safety of these drugs; alternative antibiotics such as fosfomycin are to be considered.

Consenso Argentino intersociedades de Infección Urinaria 2018-2019 - Parte II / Argentine Intersociety Consensus on Urinary Infection 2018-2019 - Part II

La segunda parte del Consenso Argentino Intersociedades de Infección Urinaria incluye el análisis de situaciones especiales. En pacientes con sonda vesical se debe solicitar urocultivo solo cuando hay signo-sintomatología de infección del tracto urinario, antes de instrumentaciones de la vía urinaria o como control en pacientes post-trasplante renal. El tratamiento empírico recomendado en pacientes sin factores de riesgo es cefalosporinas de tercera generación o aminoglucósidos. Las infecciones del tracto urinario asociadas a cálculos son siempre consideradas complicadas. En caso de obstrucción con urosepsis, deberá realizarse drenaje de urgencia por vía percutánea o ureteral. En pacientes con stents o prótesis ureterales, como catéteres doble J, el tratamiento empírico deberá basarse en la epidemiología, los antibióticos previos y el estado clínico. Antes del procedimiento de litotricia extracorpórea se recomienda pesquisar la bacteriuria y, si es positiva, administrar profilaxis antibiótica según el antibiograma. Cefalosporinas de primera generación o aminoglúcosidos son opciones válidas. Se recomienda aplicar profilaxis antibiótica con cefalosporinas de primera generación o aminoglúcosidos antes de la nefrolitotomía percutánea. La biopsia prostática trans-rectal puede asociarse a complicaciones infecciosas, como infecciones del tracto urinario o prostatitis aguda, principalmente por Escherichia coli u otras enterobacterias. En pacientes sin factores de riesgo para gérmenes multirresistentes y urocultivo negativo se recomienda realizar profilaxis con amikacina o ceftriaxona endovenosas. En pacientes con urocultivo positivo, se realizará profilaxis según antibiograma, 24 horas previas a 24 horas post-procedimiento. Para el tratamiento dirigido de la prostatitis post-biopsia trans-rectal, los carbapenémicos durante 3-4 semanas son el tratamiento de elección.

The second part of the Inter-Society Argentine Consensus on Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) includes the analysis of special situations. In patients with urinary catheter, urine culture should be requested only in the presence of UTI symptomatology, before instrumentation of the urinary tract, or as a post-transplant control. The antibiotics recommended for empirical treatment in patients without risk factors are third-generation cephalosporins or aminoglycosides. UTIs associated with stones are always considered complicated. In case of obstruction with urosepsis, an emergency drainage should be performed via a percutaneous nefrostomy or ureteral stenting. In patients with stents or ureteral prostheses, such as double J catheters, empirical treatment should be based on epidemiology, prior antibiotics, and clinical status. Before the extracorporeal lithotripsy procedure, bacteriuria should be investigated and antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered in case of positive result, according to the antibiogram. First generation cephalosporins or aminoglycosides are valid alternatives. The use of antibiotic prophylaxis with first-generation cephalosporins or aminoglycosides before percutaneous nephrolithotomy is recommended. Transrectal prostatic biopsy can be associated with infectious complications, such as UTI or acute prostatitis, mainly due to Escherichia coli or other enterobacteria. In patients without risk factors for multiresistant bacteria and negative urine culture, prophylaxis with intravenous amikacin or ceftriaxone is recommended. In patients with positive urine culture, prophylaxis will be performed according to the antibiogram, from 24 hours before to 24 hours post-procedure. For the targeted treatment of post-transrectal biopsy prostatitis, carbapenems for 3-4 weeks are the treatment of choice.

Eficácia da água versus antisséptico para limpeza periuretral na realização do cateterismo urinário de demora: revisão sistemática / Water effect versus antiseptic for periurethral cleaning in the performance of indwelling urinary catheterization: a systematic review / Eficacia del agua vs. el antisptico para la limpieza periuretral en el cateterismo urinario: revisión sistemática

As infecções do trato urinário relacionadas ao cateterismo urinário de demora estão entre as mais frequentes em hospitais. Existem várias recomendações para a prevenção de infecções, porém ainda se questiona a necessidade de utilizar antissépticos para a limpeza periuretral. Objetivo: este estudo objetivou analisar as evidências, na literatura, acerca do tema. Método: foi realizada revisão sistemática utilizando-se as bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Medline, Embase, Web of Science e Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos que avaliaram as taxas de infecção do trato urinário/bacteriúria e que utilizaram soluções antissépticas e água na limpeza periuretral. Resultados: de 211 estudos, três foram considerados metodologicamente adequados de acordo com a Escala de Jadad. Todos os estudos mostraram que não há diferenças significativas nas taxas de ITU/ bacteriúria quando comparado o uso de água com antisséptico (clorexidina ou povidona-iodo). Conclusão: concluiu-se que o uso de água na limpeza periuretral parece não aumentar o risco de adquirir infecção/bacteriúria.(AU)

Urinary tract infections related to indwelling urinary catheterization are among the most frequent in hospitals. There are many recommendations for the prevention of infections, but the need to use antiseptics for periurethral cleaning is still questioned. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the evidence on the theme in the literature. Method: A systematic review was performed using the following databases: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature. Clinical trials were included which assessed the infection rates of the urinary tract/bacteriuria and which used antiseptic solutions and water in the periurethral cleaning. Results: Of 211 studies, three were considered as methodologically adequate according to the Jadad Scale. All of the studies showed that there is no significant difference in the rates of UTI/bacteriuria when compared to the use of water with antiseptic (chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine). Conclusion: It was concluded that the use of water in the periurethral cleaning seems not to augment the risk of acquiring infections/bacteriuria.(AU)

Las infecciones del tracto urinario relacionadas con el cateterismo urinario permanente se encuentran entre las infecciones hospitalarias más comunes. Existen recomendaciones para la prevención de infecciones, pero aún se cuestiona la necesidad de usar antisépticos para la limpieza periuretral. Objetivo: analizar la evidencia en la literatura sobre el tema. Método: se realizó una revisión sistemática utilizando las bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, Medline, Embase, Web of Science y Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos que evaluaron las tasas de infección urinaria / bacteriuria y el uso de soluciones antisépticas y agua para la limpieza periuretral. Resultados: de 211 estudios, tres se consideraron metodológicamente adecuados según la escala de Jadad. Todos los estudios mostraron que no hay diferencias significativas en las tasas de infección urinaria / bacteriuria en comparación con el uso de agua antiséptica (clorhexidina o povidona yodada). Conclusión: el uso de agua para la limpieza periuretral no parece aumentar el riesgo de contraer infección / bacteriuria.(AU)

Absceso renal en pediatría: reporte de 2 casos / Kidney abscess in pediatrics: 2 case reports / Abscesso renal em pediatria: relato de dois casos

Resumen Introducción. Los abscesos renales tras una infección urinaria en pediatría no son frecuentes. Reporte de los casos. Se trata de dos niñas con infección urinaria, de 13 y 8 meses, que desarrollan abscesos renales. En ambas, después de un uroanálisis sugestivo de infección urinaria, se inicia manejo empírico con amikacina. El reporte del urocultivo muestra crecimiento de Escherichia coli (E. coli) >100 000 UFC/ml, sensible a dicho antibiótico, con ecografía renal inicial normal en el primer caso y en el segundo con nefromegalia derecha. A pesar del manejo antibiótico persistió la fiebre por más de tres días, por lo que se sospecha una complicación supurada. En el primer caso, la ecografía renal de control refleja imágenes sugestivas de absceso renal, pero en el segundo, a pesar de ecografías seriadas, solo se reportó la nefromegalia, que llevó realizar una tomografía abdominal con contraste para confirmar el diagnóstico. El antibiótico inicial, a pesar de la sensibilidad in vitro, no fue capaz de controlar la formación de abscesos renales. En el primer caso, el proceso infeccioso se controló utilizando amikacina y ceftriaxona, pero en el segundo fue necesario meropenem y amikacina. En ningún momento se alteró la función renal. Es de anotar lo infrecuente que es el absceso renal en niños en nuestra institución, ya que no se ha encontrado ningún caso en varios años. Conclusiones. El absceso renal en pediatría no es frecuente, se desarrolla principalmente tras una infección urinaria. Son necesarios una alta sospecha y un adecuado diagnóstico para orientar su manejo, ya sea solo médico o asociado a drenaje quirúrgico.

Summary Introduction: Renal abscesses are not common in pediatrics after urinary tract infections. Case reports: The two cases involve two 8 and a 13 month old girls with urinary tract infections, who also develop renal abscesses. In both cases, after a urinalysis shows signs of urinary tract infections, empirical management with amikacin is initiated. The uroculture report shows a growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) >100,000 CFU/ml, sensitive to the given antibiotic, with a normal initial renal ultrasound in the first case and right nephromegaly in the second case. Despite the antibiotic treatment, the fever persisted for more than three days, which is why a suppurative complication is suspected. In the first case, the renal ultrasound from the control suggests the presence of a renal abscess, but in the second case, despite serial ultrasounds, only nephromegaly was reported; therefore, an abdominal tomography with contrast was performed in order to confirm the diagnosis. The initial antibiotic, despite in vitro sensitivity, was not able to control the formation of renal abscesses. In the first case, the infectious process was controlled using amikacin and ceftriaxone, but in the second case, meropenem and amikacin were necessary. At no point in time did the renal function change. It is important to note how infrequent renal abscesses in children are in our institution, given that there have not been any reported cases for several years. Conclusions: Renal abscesses in pediatrics are not frequent; they develop mainly after a urinary tract infection. A high level of suspicion along with an adequate diagnosis is needed in order to guide its management, be it only medical or associated with surgical drainage.

Resumo Introdução. Os abscessos renais após uma infeção urinária em pediatria não são frequentes. Relatório dos casos. Trata-se de duas meninas com infeção urinária, de 13 e 8 meses, que desenvolvem abscessos renais. Em ambas, após uma análise de urina sugestiva de infeção urinária, se inicia manejo empírico com amika-cina. O relatório da cultura de urina mostra crescimento de Escherichia coli (E. coli) >100 000 UFC/ml, sensível a este antibiótico, com ultrassonografia renal inicial normal no primeiro caso e no segundo com nefromegalia direita. Apesar do manejo antibiótico persistiu a febre por mais de três dias, motivo de suspeita de uma complicação supurada. No primeiro caso, a ecografia renal de controle reflete imagens sugestivas de abscesso renal, mas no segundo, apesar de ultrassonografias seriadas, só foi reportada a nefromegalia, que levou a realizar uma tomografia abdominal com contraste para confirmar o diagnóstico. O antibiótico inicial, apesar da sensibilidade in vitro, não foi capaz de controlar a formação de abscessos renais. No primeiro caso, o processo infecioso foi controlado utilizando amikacina e ceftriaxona, mas no segundo foi necessário meropenem e amikacina. Em nenhum momento foi alterada a função renal. Vale anotar que o abscesso renal em crianças em nossa instituição é pouco frequente, já que não há registro de caso algum em vários anos. Conclusões. O abscesso renal em pediatria não é frequente, se desenvolve principalmente após uma infeção urinaria. É necessário uma alta suspeita e um adequado diagnóstico para orientar seu tratamento, seja somente médico ou associado à drenagem cirúrgica.

Incidência de infecção do trato urinário relacionada ao cateterismo vesical de demora: um estudo de coorte / Incidence of catheter-related urinary tract infecions: a cohort study / Incidencia de infección del tracto urinario relacionada con cateterismo vesical de demora: estudio de cohorte

Estudo de coorte não concorrente com informações de 301 de pacientes internados em centros de terapia intensiva de dois hospitais públicos de Belo Horizonte. O objetivo foi analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos das infecções do trato urinário em pacientes submetidos ao cateterismo vesical de demora, estimar a taxa de incidência nos dois hospitais, identificar possíveis fatores de risco relacionados à infecção e aos microrganismos causadores. A amostra constituiu-se de todos os pacientes internados nas duas unidades e que foram submetidos ao cateterismo vesical de demora no período de seis meses. Dos 301 pacientes, 23 desenvolveram infecção, sendo 56,52% do sexo masculino e com idade superior a 60 anos. A incidência global de infecção do trato urinário foi de 6,70 infecções/1.000 cateteres-dia. O hospital que utilizou água e sabão para a higiene periuretral apresentou maior incidência do que o hospital que utilizou antisséptico (14,01 e 3,05 infecções/1.000 cateteres-dia, respectivamente). O fator de risco identificado foi a higienização periuretral com água e sabão. Os microrganismos mais prevalentes nas uroculturas foram Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17,39%) Candida sp. (13,04%), Escherichia coli (13,04%), e Proteus mirabilis (8,70%). O resultado encontrado neste estudo contradiz os achados da literatura e reforça a necessidade de estudos primários que identifiquem a solução mais eficaz para a realização da limpeza periuretral com vistas à redução da infecção do trato urinário relacionada ao cateterismo vesical de demora.

This is a non-concurrent cohort study that uses data from 301 patients admitted to the intensive care unit of two public hospitals in Belo Horizonte.It aimed at analysing epidemiological aspects of urinary tract infections amongst patients with indwelling bladder catheterization, evaluatingthe incidence rate of the infection in the two hospitals and identifying possible risk factors related to the infection. Sample consisted of patientsthat underwent indwelling catheterization for a period of six months. Of the 301 patients, 23 developed infection: 56.52% were male and aged60 years and over. The overall incidence of urinary tract infection was 6.70 infections/1000 catheter-days. The hospital using water and soap forperiurethral cleaning presented higher incidence of urinary infection than the hospital using antiseptic (14.01 and 3.05 infections/1000 catheterdays, respectively). Risk factor identified was periurethral cleaning with soap and water. The most prevalent microorganisms in urine cultures were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.39%), Candida sp. (13.04%), Escherichia coli (13.04%), and Proteus mirabilis (8.70%). This study results contradict theliterature which demonstrates the need for primary research aimed at identifying the most effective solution for periurethral cleaning in order toreduce catheter-related urinary tract infections.

Estudio de cohorte no concurrente con información de 301 pacientes internados en centros de terapia intensiva de dos hospitales públicos de BeloHorizonte. El objetivo fue analizar la epidemiología de las infecciones del tracto urinario en pacientes sometidos a cateterismo vesical permanente,estimar la tasa de incidencia en cada hospital, identificar posibles factores de riesgo relacionados con las infecciones del tracto urinario e identificarlos microorganismos causantes de la infección. La muestra estuvo constituida por todos los pacientes de las unidades sometidos a cateterismovesical permanente en un período de seis meses. De los 301 pacientes, 23 desarrollaron la infección, siendo 56,52% del sexo masculino y edad superiora 60 años. La incidencia global de infección del tracto urinario fue de 6,70 infecciones/1.000 catéteres/día. El hospital que utilizó agua y jabón para lalimpieza periuretral presentó mayor incidencia que el hospital que utilizó antiséptico (14,01 y 3,05infecciones/1.000 catéteres/día, respectivamente).El factor de riesgo identificado fue la utilización de la técnica de limpieza con agua y jabón. Los microorganismos más prevalentes en los urocultivos fueron Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17,39%) Candida sp. (13,04%), Escherichia coli (13,04%), and Proteus mirabilis (8,70%). El resultado encontradocontradice los de la literatura y refuerza la necesidad de estudios primarios que identifiquen la solución más eficaz para la limpieza periuretral conel fin de reducir la infección del tracto urinario relacionada con el cateterismo vesical permanente.

The efficacy of immediate versus delayed antibiotic administration on bacterial growth and biofilm production of selected strains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Purpose The treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI) with antibiotics is commonly used, but recurrence and antibiotic resistance have been growing and concerning clinicians. We studied whether the rapid onset of a protective biofilm may be responsible for the lack of effectiveness of antibiotics against selected bacteria. Materials and Methods Two established uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, UTI89 and CFT073, and two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, PA01 and Boston-41501, were studied to establish a reliable biofilm formation process. Bacterial growth (BG) was determined by optical density at 600 nm (OD 600) using a spectrophotometer, while biofilm formation (BF) using crystal violet staining was measured at OD 550. Next, these bacterial strains were treated with clinically relevant antibiotics, ciprofloxacin HCl (200 ng/mL and 2 μg/mL), nitrofurantoin (20 μg/mL and 40 μg/mL) and ampicillin (50 μg/mL) at time points of 0 (T0) or after 6 hours of culture (T6). All measurements, including controls (bacteria -1% DMSO), were done in triplicates and repeated three times for consistency. Results The tested antibiotics effectively inhibited both BG and BF when administered at T0 for UPEC strains, but not when the antibiotic administration started 6 hours later. For Pseudomonas strains, only Ciprofloxacin was able to significantly inhibit bacterial growth at T0 but only at the higher concentration of 2 μg/mL for T6. Conclusion When established UPEC and Pseudomonas bacteria were allowed to culture for 6 hours before initialization of treatment, the therapeutic effect of selected antibiotics was greatly suppressed when compared to immediate treatment, probably as a result of the protective nature of the biofilm. .

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern and ESBL Production among Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from UTI Children in Pediatric Unit of a Hospital in Kerman, Iran.

Aims: Emergence of antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum β- lactamase (ESBL) among uropathogens in the pediatric unit of hospitals created serious health care concern. This study deals with antimicrobial susceptibility and ESBL analysis of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from children hospitalized in pediatric unit of a university hospital in Kerman, Iran. Methodology: Fifty-five uropathogens positive samples were recovered from one hundred thirty five samples collected from urine of the children hospitalized with sign of UTI in pediatric unit of a hospital, in Kerman, Iran from April 2011 to November 2012. Preliminary antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using agar disk-diffusion breakpoint assay and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of different antibiotics were determined by agar dilution method. ESBL production was detected by a double disk synergy test and confirmed by a phenotypic confirmatory test. Results: Of fifty-five positive samples isolated, Escherichia coli (69%) was the leading uropathogen followed by Klebsiella spp. (18.8%), Proteus (7.27%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.63%), Citrobacter (1.8%), Enterobacter spp. (1.81%) and Enterococcus (1.8%). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that almost all uropathogenic E. coli were sensitive to carbapenems (100%) and amikacin (94.4%), while, 100% of the strains were resistant to ampicillin (MIC range ±32 μg/mL), 63.8% were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (MIC range ±32μg/mL), 33% were resistant to trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (MIC range ±64.2μg/mL) and 61.1% of the strains were resistant to third generation of cephalosporins (MIC range ±8.0μg/mL) (P=0.05). The ESBL confirmatory test for uropathogenic E. coli isolates resistant to third generation of cephalosporins revealed that only 20% were produced detectable ESBL enzymes. Conclusion: From above results it can be concluded that E. coli was the most common nosocomial pathogen associated with UTI among hospitalized children in our hospital and amikacin, carbapenems were very effective drugs for treatment of UTI in these age group, while, care must be taken when third generation of cephalosporins and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole are administered.

Infecções do trato urinário (ITU) de cães e gatos: etiologia e resistência aos antimicrobianos / Urinary tract infection (UTI) in dogs and cats: etiology and antimicrobial resistance

As infecções bacterianas do trato urinário (ITUs) são causa comum de doença em cães, gatos e humanos. Embora bactérias Gram positivas como Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. e Enterococcus spp., possam ocasionar ITUs, as bactérias Gram negativas (Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. e Enterobacter spp.) respondem por 75% dos casos. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a frequência de diferentes gêneros de bactérias em ITUs em cães e gatos, bem como a sua sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos utilizados na rotina clínica. Portanto, amostras de urina de 100 cães e gatos com sinais de ITU foram coletadas assepticamente, sofrendo avaliação microbiológica por meio de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos, além de urinálise. Todos os isolados foram submetidos a testes de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. ITU foi confirmada em 74% dos animais, não havendo predominância quanto ao sexo. No que diz respeito à idade, 85% dos cães e 87% dos gatos tinham idades superiores a seis anos. Noventa e cinco cepas bacterianas foram isoladas, com maior frequência de Escherichia coli (55% do total) dos sorogrupos O6 e O2. Constatou-se níveis elevados de resistência a antimicrobianos nas cepas isoladas. Para as cepas Gram positivas, tetraciclina (46,1%), enrofloxacina, cotrimazol e estreptomicina (42,3% cada) foram as drogas com os maiores índices de resistência. Para as Gram negativas, amoxacilina e tetraciclina apresentaram percentuais acima de 50%. Multiresistência foi verificada em mais de 50% dos principais gêneros isolados. Considerando-se que as cepas de E. coli apresentam potencial zoonótico e forte participação na disseminação de resistência aos antimicrobianos, ressalta-se a importância do papel do médico veterinário na prevenção e controle das ITUs animais e sua contribuição para a saúde pública.

Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause of disease in dogs, cats and humans. Although Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. are linked with UTIs, Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacter spp.) account for 75% of the cases. This study aimed to determine the frequency of different genera of bacteria in UTIs of dogs and cats as well as their susceptibility to antimicrobials used in clinical routine. Therefore, urine samples from 100 dogs and cats suspected of UTI were collected aseptically. Samples underwent to microbiological evaluation through qualitative and quantitative methods, and urinalysis. All isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. UTI was confirmed in 74% of animals, with no predominance in one gender. With regard to age, 85% of dogs and 87% of cats were older than six years. Ninety-five bacterial strains were isolated with higher frequency of Escherichia coli (55% of total) of serogroups O6 and O2. High levels of antimicrobial resistance were found. Gram-positive strains had the highest resistance to tetracycline (46.1%), enrofloxacin, cotrimazol and streptomycin (42.3% each), while above 50% of Gram-negative were resistant to amoxicillin and tetracycline. Multidrug resistance has been observed in more than 50% of the major genera isolated. Considering the zoonotic potential of E. coli strains and its strong participation in antimicrobial resistance dissemination, the important role of the veterinarians in the prevention and control of animal UTIs and their contribution to public health must be emphasized.

Bladder control training in girls with lower urinary tract dysfunction

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of standard and biofeedback bladder control training (BCT) on the resolution of dysfunctional elimination syndrome (primary outcome), and on the reduction of urinary tract infections (UTI) and the use of medications such as antibacterial prophylaxis and/or anticholinergic/alpha-blockers (secondary outcome) in girls older than aged least 5 years. Materials and Methods 72 girls, median age of 8 years (interquartile range, IQR 7-10) were subjected to standard BCT (cognitive, behavioural and constipation treatment) and 12 one-hour sessions of animated biofeedback using interactive computer games within 8 weeks. Fifty patients were reevaluated after median 11 (IQR, 6-17) months. Effectiveness of BCT was determined by reduction of dysfunctional voiding score (DVS), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI), constipation, UTI, nocturnal enuresis (NE), post void residual (PVR), and improvements in bladder capacity and uroflow/EMG patterns. Results BCT resulted in significant normalization of DUI, NE, constipation, bladder capacity, uroflow/EMG, while decrease of PVR didn't reach statistical significance. In addition, the incidence of UTI, antibacterial prophylaxis and medical urotherapy significantly decreased. There were no significant differences in DVS, DUI, NE, bladder capacity and voiding pattern at the end of the BCT and at the time of reevaluation. The success on BCT was supported by parenteral perception of the treatment response in 63.9% and full response in additional 15.3% of the patients. Conclusion Combination of standard and biofeedback BCT improved dysfunctional elimination syndrome and decreased UTI with discontinuation of antibacterial prophylaxis and/or anticholinergic/alpha-blockers in the majority of the patients. Better training results are expected in patients with higher bladder wall thickness as well as in those with vesicoureteral reflux, ...

Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing urinary tract infections in a rural community of Odisha, India

Antimicrobial resistance of urinary tract pathogens has increased worldwide. Empiric treatment of community-acquired urinary tract infection [CA-UTI] is determined by antimicrobial resistance patterns of uropathogens in a population of specific geographical location. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of CA-UTI in rural Odisha, India, and the effect of gender and age on its prevalence as well as etiologic agents and the resistance profile of the bacterial isolates. Consecutive clean-catch mid-stream urine samples were collected from 1670 adult patients. The urine samples were processed and microbial isolates were identified by conventional methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all bacterial isolates by Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method. The prevalence of UTI was significantly higher in females compared with males [females 45.2%, males 18.4%, OR = 2.041, 95% CI = 1.64-2.52, P /= 68 years] showed high prevalence of UTI. Escherichia coli [68.8%] was the most prevalent isolate followed by Enterococcus spp. [9.7%]. Amikacin and nitrofurantoin were the most active antimicrobial agents which showed low resistance rate of 5.8% and 9.8%, respectively. Our study revealed E. coli as the pre-dominant bacterial pathogen. Nitrofurantoin should be used as empirical therapy for uncomplicated CA-UTIs. In the Indian setting, routine urine cultures may be advisable, since treatment failure is likely to occur with commonly used antimicrobials. Therefore, development of regional surveillance programs is necessary for implementation of national CA-UTI guidelines

Effect of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin, amikacin and colistin on biofilm formation and virulence factors of Escherichia coli planktonic and biofilm forms isolated from human urine

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of ciprofloxacin, amikacin and colistin on biofilm formation, motility, curli fimbriae formation by planktonic and biofilm cells of E. coli strains isolated from the urine of patients with various urinary system infections. Quantification of biofilm formation was carried out using a microtiter plate assay and a spectrophotometric method. Bacterial enumeration was used to assess the viability of bacteria in the biofilm. Curli expression was determined by using YESCA agar supplemented with congo red. Using motility agar the ability to move was examined. All the antibiotics used at sub-MICs reduced biofilm formation in vitro, decreased the survival of bacteria, but had no effect on the motility of planktonic as well as biofilm cells. The inhibitory effect of sub-MICs of antimicrobial agents on curli fimbriae formation was dependent on the form in which the bacteria occurred, incubation time and antibiotic used. Our results clearly show that all the three antibiotics tested reduce biofilm production, interfere with curli expression but do not influence motility. This study suggests that ciprofloxacin, amikacin and colistin may be useful in the treatment of biofilm-associated infections caused by E. coli strains

Antibiotic resistance pattern among common bacterial uropathogens with a special reference to ciprofloxacin resistant Escherichia coli.

Background & objectives: The resistance of bacteria causing urinary tract infection (UTI) to commonly prescribed antibiotics is increasing both in developing as well as in developed countries. Resistance has emerged even to more potent antimicrobial agents. The present study was undertaken to report the current antibiotic resistance pattern among common bacterial uropathogens isolated in a tertiary care hospital in south India, with a special reference to ciprofloxacin. Methods: A total of 19,050 consecutive urine samples were cultured and pathogens isolated were identified by standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was done by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The clinical and demographic profile of the patients was noted. Results: Of the 19,050 samples, 62 per cent were sterile, 26.01 per cent showed significant growth, 2.3 per cent showed insignificant growth and 9.6 per cent were found contaminated. Significant association (P<0.001) of prior use of antibiotics in males, UTI in adults, gynaecological surgery in females, obstructive uropathy in males and complicated UTI in females with the occurrence of UTI with ciprofloxacin resistant Escherichia coli was noted. Significant association was noted in females with prior antibiotics, with prior urological surgery and in males with prior complicated UTI. There was no significant association with diabetes mellitus with the occurrence of UTI with ciprofloxacin resistant E. coli. Fluoroquinolone resistance was found to increase with age. Interpretations & conclusions: Ciprofloxacin resistance has emerged due to its frequent use. This resistance was seen more in the in-patients, elderly males and females. Also the resistance to other antibiotics was also high. Increasing antibiotic resistance trends indicate that it is imperative to rationalize the use of antimicrobials in the community and also use these conservatively.

Antibacterial resistance and trend of urinary tract pathogens to commonly used antibiotics in Kashmir Valley / Resistencia antibacteriana y tendencia de los patógenos de las vías urinarias frente a los antibióticos comúnmente usados en el Valle de Cachemira

OBJECTIVE: Increase in resistance pattern of urinary tract pathogens to conventional antimicrobial agents used for urinary tract infections (UTIs) is gaining the attention of many microbiologists worldwide in respect to treatment of UTIs. The aim of the present study was to obtain data on resistance patterns of pathogens responsible for UTIs to currently used antimicrobial agents in Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (tertiary healthcare hospital). METHOD: A total of 2842 samples were collected from both outpatient and inpatient departments. The majority of samples in this study were midstream urine specimens, others included catheterized urine samples. Standard parameters were followed for isolation and identification of clinical isolates and further antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. RESULTS: Out of 2842 samples, 1980 (67%) were culture positive. Escherichia coli (E coli) was the most prevalent isolate (OP 63%, IP 45.5%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (K pneumonia) as the second commonest UTI-causing agent (OP 15.9%, IP 21.7%). High percentage of isolates showed resistance to sulfa drugs such as cotrimoxazole. First generation cephalosporins were ineffective, while aminoglycosides and third generation cephalosporins were effective against E coli, K pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P aeruginosa), Enterococcus faecalis and Staphyococcus aureus (Staph aureus). Furthermore, this study noticed that glycopeptide drugs such as vancomycin are highly effective against E faecalis and Staph aureus UTIs. CONCLUSION: This study reveals the increased trend in resistance pattern of uropathogens in the valley region. These data may aid health professionals in choosing the appropriate treatment for patients with UTI in the region and hopefully will prevent the misuse of antibiotics.

OBJETIVO: El aumento del patrón de resistencia de los patógenos de las vías urinarias frente a los agentes antimicrobianos convencionales usados para las infecciones de las vías urinarias (IVU) está ganando la atención de muchos microbiólogos a nivel mundial, en relación con el tratamiento de las IVU. El objetivo del presente estudio fue obtener datos sobre los patrones de resistencia de los patógenos responsables de las IVU en el Instituto de Ciencias Médicas Sher-I-Cachemira (hospital de atención terciaria a la salud) frente a los agentes antimicrobianos de uso común. MÉTODO: Se recogieron un total de 2842 muestras provenientes de los departamentos de pacientes externos e internos. La mayoría de las muestras en este estudio fueron especimenes de orina de mitad de micción; otros incluyeron muestras de orina cateterizada. Se siguieron los parámetros estándar para el aislamiento y la identificación de los aislados clínicos, y posteriormente se realizó la prueba de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana mediante el método Kirby-Bauer de difusión por disco. RESULTADOS: De 2842 muestras, 1980 (67%) fueron cultivos positivos. Escherichia coli (E coli) fue el aislado más frecuente (OP 63%, IP 45.5%) seguido por Klebsiella pneumonia (K pneumonia) como el segundo agente más común causante de IVU (OP 15.9%, IP 21.7%). Un alto porcentaje de aislados mostró resistencia a los medicamentos de sulfa, por ejemplo el cotrimoxazole. Las cefalosporinas de primera fueron ineficaces, mientras que los aminoglucósidos y las cefalosporinas de tercera generación fueron efectivas frente a E coli, K pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P aeruginosa), Enterococcus faecalis y Staphyococcus aureus (Staph aureus). Además, en este estudio se observó que los medicamentos glicopéptidos, tales como la vancomicina, son altamente efectivos frente a las IVU por E faecalis y Staph aureus. CONCLUSIÓN: Este estudio revela un aumento en la tendencia del patrón de resistencia de los uropatógenos en la región del Valle. Estos datos pueden ayudar a los profesionales de la salud a escoger el tratamiento apropiado para los pacientes con IVU en la región, y es de esperar que asimismo ayuden a prevenir el uso inadecuado de antibióticos.

new approach for designing a potentially vaccine candidate against urinary tract infection by using protein display on lactobacillus surface

The prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] is really high in the world. Escherichia coli is a major agent of UTI. One of the strategies for decreasing UTI infections is vaccine development. As the attachment is a really important stage in colonization and infection, attachment inhibition has an applied strategy. FimH protein is a major factor during bacterial colonization in urinary tract and could be used as a vaccine. Thus, it was considered in this research as a candidate antigen. The sequences of fimH and acmA genes were used for designing a synthetic gene. It was cloned to pET23a expression vector and transformed to E. coli [DE3] Origami. To confirm the expression of recombinant protein, SDS-PAGE and western blotting methods were used. Subsequently, recombinant protein was purified. On the other hand, Lactobacillus reuteri was cultured and mixed with FimH / AcmA recombinant protein. The rate of protein localization on lactobacillus surface was assessed using ELISA method. It was showed that the recombinant protein was expressed in E. coli [DE3] Origami and purified by affinity chromatography. Moreover, this protein could be localized on lactobacillus surface by 5 days. In current study, a fusion recombinant protein was prepared and displayed on L. reuteri surface. This strain could be used for animal experiment as a competitor against Uropathogenic E. coli [UPEC]. Using manipulated probiotics strains instead of antibiotic therapy could decrease the antibiotic consumption and reduce multi-drug resistant strains

Espectro clínico de la hepatotoxicidad por nitrofurantoína en serie clínica de 12 pacientes / Clinical spectrum of nitrofurantoin hepatotoxicity in a series of 12 patients

Nitrofurantoin, commonly used for prolonged periods, can produce different patterns of liver damage. Patients: 12 women, mean age 55 years (range 17-72), with recurrent urinary infections, treated with nitrofurantoin for long periods of time (2 months to 15 years), who presented with secondary liver disease. Results: 7 had acute hepatitis (3 fulminant), 3 chronic hepatitis, and 2 cirrhosis. All acute cases had consistent liver biopsies, and 2 were treated with steroids and azathioprine for 2 and 7 months, with liver tests normalization. Two fulminant cases were transplanted (submassive hepatic necrosis on explanted livers) and 1 was successfully treated with steroids and mycofenolate. The 3 cases of chronic hepatitis also had confirmatory biopsies and 1 received steroids and azathioprine, with full recovery. The other 2 responded to the drug withdrawal and the 2 cirrhotic patients had only symptomatic treatment. All patients were negative for hepatitis virus, 7 (58 percent had positive anti-nuclear and/or anti-smooth muscle antibodies and 4 (33 percent) had elevated IgG levels. Conclusions: Nitrofurantoin may cause severe acute liver disease, even requiring liver transplantation. Nitrofurantoin can also cause chronic liver disease, have markers of autoimmunity and respond to immunosuppressive therapy. These data confirmed that nitrofurantoin can induce liver diseases, probably due to immunological mechanisms.

La nitrofurantoína, comúnmente utilizada por períodos prolongados, puede producir daño hepático, con diferentes formas de presentación y evolución. Pacientes: 12 mujeres, edad promedio 55 años (rango 17 a 72), con infecciones urinarias recurrentes, usuarias de nitrofurantoína por períodos prolongados (2 meses a 15 años), que presentaron daño hepático asociado a la droga. Resultados: 7 casos de hepatitis aguda (3 fulminantes), 3 casos de hepatitis crónica y 2 casos de cirrosis. Todos los casos de hepatitis agudas tenían biopsia hepática compatible y 2 fueron tratadas con corticoides y azatioprina por 2 y 7 meses, con normalización de los exámenes. De las 3 pacientes con hepatitis fulminante, 2 fueron trasplantadas (necrosis submasiva en el hígado explantado) y 1 fue tratada con corticoides y micofenolato, con buena respuesta. Los 3 casos de hepatitis crónica tenían confirmación histológica y 1 se trató con corticoides y azatioprina, con excelente evolución. Las otras pacientes respondieron favorablemente sólo a la suspensión del fármaco. Los 2 casos con cirrosis han recibido tratamiento sintomático. Todas las pacientes fueron negativas para los virus hepatitis, 7/12 (58 por ciento) tenían anticuerpos antinucleares y/o antimúsculo liso positivos y 4/12 (33 por ciento) IgG elevada. Conclusión: La nitrofurantoína puede provocar una severa enfermedad hepática aguda, requiriendo incluso trasplante hepático. Además, puede producir hepatitis crónica y cirrosis, tener marcadores de autoinmunidad y buena respuesta a la terapia inmunosupresora habitual. Lo anterior confirma su capacidad de inducir un daño hepático, probablemente por mecanismos inmunológicos.

Infecciones urinarias adquiridas en la comunidad: epidemiología a los antimicrobianos y opciones terapéuticas / Urinary infections acquired in community: epidemiology resistance to antibiotics and therapeutic options

Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) constituyen uno de los principales motivos de consulta en el ámbito de atención primaria. En los últimos años se han producido cambios sustanciales en los patrones de sensibilidad de los principales patógenos urinarios, lo que ha condicionado cambios en el tratamiento empírico de éstas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar las ITU en pacientes de la comunidad. La muestra estuvo conformada por 71 pacientes de ambos sexos mayores de 18 años. El género más afectado fue el femenino (80,28%). Los signos y síntomas más frecuentes fueron dolor lumbar, disuria y dolor abdominal. La presencia de cálculos renales fue el más importante factor predisponente (39,43%), seguido de la menopausia (23,94%). El 63,38% de los pacientes presentaron ITU previas. Escherichia coli fue el agente causal más frecuente (63,89%), seguido de Proteus mirabilis (6,94%). Las enterobacterias aisladas presentaron elevados niveles de resistencia a ampicilina, cefalotina y norfloxacina. El 51,52% de las enterobacterias presentaron resistencia a las fluoroquinolonas y en el 16,67% se demostró la producción de ß-lactamasas de espectro expandido (BLEE). La mayoría de los agentes causales fueron sensibles a la nitrofurantoína independientemente de la presencia de mecanismos de resistencia que afectan a otros grupos de antimicrobianos

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the main reasons for consultation in primary care. In recent years, there have been substantial changes in susceptibility patterns for major urinary tract pathogens, which have conditioned changes in their empirical treatment. The aim of this study was to characterize UTI in patients from the community. The sample consisted of 71 patients of both sexes over 18 years of age. The most affected sex was the female (80.28%). The signs and symptoms were lumbar pain, dysuria and abdominal pain. The presence of kidney stones was the most important predisposing factor (39.43%), followed by menopause (23.94%); 63.38% of the patients had a previous UTI. Escherichia coli was the most common agent (63.89%), followed by Proteus mirabilis (6.94%). Isolates showed high levels of resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin and norfloxacin. 51.52% of the Enterobacteriaceae were resistant to fluoroquinolones and 16.67% showed production of extended spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL). Most of the agents were susceptible to nitrofurantoin, regardless of the presence of resistance mechanisms affecting other antibiotic groups

Microscopy, culture, and sensitive management of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in adults in the primary care setting

The high prevalence of urinary tract infections [UTIs] places a significant burden on healthcare systems. Clinicians may over-manage the issue, and there is great variability in practice, with economic- and resource- implications. Up to 40% of patients with a suspected UTI do not have an infection. Using PubMed [Medline] to shortlist relevant papers in English from the last 30 years, and further sub-selection to include only uncomplicated UTIs in adults in primary care, we reviewed the literature pertaining to uncomplicated UTIs, and how it should be managed efficiently in the primary care setting. In general practice, there is no advantage to routinely request microscopy and culture of urine samples in the presence of an appropriate history and urinalysis reagent-strip testing. If antibiotics are required, then a 3-day course shall suffice. Larger epidemiological studies focusing on more susceptible sub-populations may provide better guidance for discriminatory factors to produce an algorithm for treatment